Jurandot szpilman biography

Entertainment in Extremis March 27, Theater as Imperative in the Warsaw Ghetto: Artists and Audience in Jerzy Jurandot's Femina,  On November 15, , German forces began settling the Third Reich’s largest Jewish ghetto in Warsaw, Poland, a capital city in which a third of its residents identified themselves as Jews or Polish citizens of Jewish heritage. Thus began the Nazis’ city-scale experimentation in quest of a Final Solution, as they rounded up, walled off, systematically beat, starved, humiliated, and ultimately murdered hundreds of thousands of Jews. Over the next two years the Germans constantly redrew Ghetto boundaries to keep its population uprooted and unstable. They packed within these boundaries Jews transported from other parts of the Reich, to the point that a score of streets in northwest Warsaw housed , people, with an estimated residents crammed into each of the Ghetto’s dilapidated buildings. The Warsaw Ghetto was a German-made hell, desperately overcrowded, cut off from the city’s businesses as well as adequate food and medical supplies, transformed into a sewage dump as German authorities refused to remove garbage and fix broken water pipes, and filmed, photographed, and toured by Germans as a kind of zoo, a site where they could document Jews in their “natural” state as either greedy parasites or disease-bearing vermin. Once Treblinka’s gas chambers became fully operative in the summer of , the German occupiers launched the Great Aktion of liquidating the Ghetto, deporting hundreds of thousands of Jews by cattle car to what was falsely advertised as a labor camp in the countryside. Jerzy Jurandot, born Jerzy Glejgewicht to educated, acculturated Jewish Varsovians in , lived in the Warsaw Ghetto from to with his parents and his wife, Stefania Grodzieńska. Both Jurandot and Grodzieńska had been rising stars in the Polish-language literar

Ethnic group

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back at least 1, years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, because of the long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy which ended after the Partitions of Poland in the 18th century. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators of various nationalities, during the German occupation of Poland between and , called the Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a renewed interest in Jewish culture, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, and the opening of Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.

From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in until the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealthcreated in , Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Historians have used the label paradisus iudaeorum (Latin for "Paradise of the Jews"). Poland became a shelter for Jews persecuted and expelled from various European countries and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. According to some sources, about three-quarters of the world's Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife (due to the Protestant Refor

Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

For the book, see The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City.

The Warsaw Ghetto (German: Warschauer Ghetto, officially Jüdischer Wohnbezirk in Warschau, 'Jewish Residential District in Warsaw'; Polish: getto warszawskie) was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November by the German authorities within the new General Government territory of occupied Poland. At its height, as many as , Jews were imprisoned there, in an area of &#;km (&#;sq&#;mi), with an average of persons per room, barely subsisting on meager food rations. Jews were deported from the Warsaw Ghetto to Nazi concentration camps and mass-killing centers. In the summer of , at least , ghetto residents were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp during Großaktion Warschau under the guise of "resettlement in the East" over the course of the summer. The ghetto was demolished by the Germans in May after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising had temporarily halted the deportations. The total death toll among the prisoners of the ghetto is estimated to be at least , killed by bullet or

The 16th of November marks the 80th anniversary of the closure of the Warsaw Ghetto borders. In the historical perspective, 80 years is not much. From the perspective of an individual person – it is a lot, sometimes the person&#;s whole life. Once something has passed, it disappears from memory, details are lost, dates and facts are wrong.

But there are events that we must not forget, that we should not forget, even though we have not witnessed them. Such events include the tragic history of the Jewish community during World War II. In Warsaw, it began with the creation of the so-called &#;closed Jewish district&#;. Jews – defined not by their religion, but by their nationality, as specified in the so-called Nuremberg Laws, were forced to live there.

In Warsaw, it was approx. thousand people; their number increased to thousand after a year of the ghetto&#;s existence. Among them were women, men, and children. Orthodox followers of Judaism and a large group of non-religious Jews, as well as a small community of people following other religions. Shopkeepers, craftsmen, traders, artists, art collectors, scientists, doctors, lawyers, financiers, bankers. It is impossible to tell the story of each of them, but we can try. Such an attempt was made by the employees of WGM: Dr Martyna Grądzka-Rejak, Dr Jacek Konik, Dr Wiesława Młynarczyk, and Dr Halina Postek, who on 14 November took part in a seminar for teachers and educators entitled &#;We are excluded and separated from the world, banished from human society&#;, organised on the Zoom platform, in cooperation with the &#;Przystanek Historia&#; (&#;Next Stop: History&#;) Educational Center of the Institute of National Remembrance.

Dr Grądzka-Rejak presented the history of women forced to live in the ghetto and showed how their situation differed from that of their husbands, fathers, sons and brothers. It was the woman&#;s responsibility to ensure that the fa