Behrouz afagh biography of william
Master In Architectural Engineering
15 mins
Through knowledge of whole-building design and performance, integrated design of sustainable buildings, and digital methods for planning, designing, constructing, and operating buildings, the building industry has a growing need for design professionals with advanced knowledge and skills in their discipline, as well as the ability to collaborate effectively with other designers, investors, contractors, and project managers.
If you go far enough back in time, architects and engineers were formerly regarded as interchangeable. They essentially played the same role in the construction of structures.
"They were stonemasons who built things like a Gothic cathedral," says Sinéad Mac Namara, an associate structural engineering professor at Syracuse University's School of Architecture, "and then over time, we started to have more and more expectations of what their buildings would do, which led to an increasing number of roles."
People grew to have higher expectations of what buildings should be able to perform as technology advanced. This resulted in the formation of various separate positions within the building construction business, as well as the separation of architects and engineers.
Because students and professionals alike continue to conflate the two, it's worth delving into the many employment and educational criteria that each professional must achieve to have a successful career.
What is Architectural Engineering?
Architectural engineering, sometimes known as building engineering, is an engineering subject that deals with the technological elements and multidisciplinary approach to building planning, design, construction, and operation, such as environmental system analysis and integrated design.
An architectural engineer uses abilities from several engineering disciplines to design, build, operate, maintain, and renovate structures while keeping the surrounding envi Ir an Introduction The BBC World Service and Iran: 70 Years of the Delicate Dance The mediascape of the twenty-first century is undergoing a major realignment. There are profound challenges to the long-takenfor-granted hegemony of Western media, particularly in the Middle East. A seriously engaged and globally focused Media Studies needs to re-engage with questions about the state, about propaganda and about new forms of diplomacy that may induce conflict. International relations have always included some elements of persuasion for home populations and propaganda for foreign nationals. At critical junctures, the rhetoric often outweighs the real relations and the drums of war are beaten across a plenitude of media platforms. At the start of 2013, political relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Western democracies, Britain especially, were at their worst in years. The EU had followed the US in voting for increased sanctions as the only antidote to Iran’s nuclear programme; there was little direct diplomacy; and inside Iran, more and more journalists and bloggers were arrested, making Iran one of the world’s largest jailers of journalists and giving it a ranking of 174 of 179 countries in the World Press Freedom Index .Iran: A Modern History 9780300231465
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Ir an A Modern History
Abbas Amanat
New Haven & London
Published with assistance from the Kingsley Trust Association Publication Fund established by the Scroll and Key Society of Yale College. Copyright © 2017 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Maps by Bill Nelson. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (U.S. office) or [email protected] (U.K. office). Set in Adobe Garamond by Newgen. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017942532 isbn 978-0-300-11254-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
To the captives in the cage, Convey the glad tidings of blooming meadows. Hafez
To Maryam
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Contents
Preface ix Introduction 1
pa r t i a shi‘i e m pi r e 3 1 o n e Shi‘ism and the Safavid Revolution (1501–1588) 33 t w o The Age of ‘Abbas I and the Shaping of
the Safavid Empire (1588–1666) 76 t h r e e The Demise of the Safavid Order and the
Unhappy Interregnums (1666–1797) 126
part ii r e sha p in g o f t he g uar d ed d o ma i n s 17 7 f o u r The Making of the Qajar Era (1797–1852) 179 f i v e Naser al-Din Shah and Maintaining a
Fragile Balance (1848–1896) 247 s i x The Constitutional Revolution: Road to a
Plural Modernity (1905–1911) 315
vii
viii Contents
pa r t iii a nat io n r eca s t 3 8 7 s e v e Persian Service: The BBC and British Interests in Iran 9780755612413, 9781848859814
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Persian Service
2013.1 And behind the ‘real’ relations, the mediated confusion – that is to say the media’s confusion about Iran and the mediated confusion let loose on Western publics in particular about Iran – was getting worse. International media channels, domestic broadcasters, websites and blogs all thrummed with negative anticipation about the worsening relations with Iran. And the responses of the Islamic Republic – across their own international and national broadcasting channels, their international travels and staged political theatre – were equally as much about cor