Augustin-louis cauchy biography of mahatma
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and in turn inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable", first applied to him in in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.
Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, western India, Gandhi trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, and was called to the bar at age 22 in June After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, he moved to South Africa in to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to stay for 21 years. It was in South Africa that Gandhi raised a family, and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In , aged 45, he returned to India. He set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in , Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.
The same year Gandhi adopted the Indian loincloth, or short dhoti and, in the winter, a shawl, both woven with yarn hand-spun on a traditional Indian spinning wheel, or charkha, as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. Thereafter, he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community, ate simple vegetarian food, and undertook long fasts as a means of self-purification and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the km mi Dandi Salt March in , and later in calli Table of contents : Men pass away, but their deeds abide. Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy was a French mathematician, engineer, and physicist who made pioneering contributions to several branches of mathematics, including mathematical analysis and continuum mechanics. He was one of the first to state and rigorously prove theorems of calculus, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors; Hans Freudenthal stated: "More concepts and theorems have been named for Cauchy than for any other mathematician in elasticity alone there are sixteen concepts and theorems named for Cauchy." Cauchy was a prolific writer; he wrote approximately eight hundred research articles and five complete textbooks on a variety of topics in the fields of mathematics and mathematical physics. Cauchy was the son of Louis François Cauchy – and Marie-Madeleine Desestre. Cauchy had two brothers: Alexandre Laurent Cauchy –, who became a president of a division of the court of appeal in and a judge of the court of cassation in , and Eugene François Cauchy –, a publicist who also wrote several mathematical works. Cauchy married Aloise de Bure in She was a close relative of the publisher who published most of Cauchy's works. They had two daughters, Marie Françoise Alicia and Marie Mathilde Cauchy's father Louis François Cauchy was a high official in the Parisian Police of the Ancien Régime, but lost this position due to the French Revolution July 14, , which broke out one month before Augustin-Louis was born. The Cauchy family survived the revolution and the following Reign of Terror by escaping to Arcueil, where Cauchy received his first education, from his father. After the execution of Robespierre , it was safe for the family to return to Paris. T .A Brief History of Mathematics: A Promenade through the Civilizations of Our World [1 ed.] , , ,
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Preface
Contents
About the Author
1 The Middle East, or the Beginning
The Origins of Mathematics
The Beginnings of Counting
Number Bases
Arabic Numerals
Shape and Geometry
Civilization on the Nile River
A Peculiar Terrain
The Rhind Papyrus
Egyptian Fractions
Between the Rivers
Babylonia
The Clay Tablets
Plimpton
Conclusion
2 The Sages of Ancient Greece
The Birth of Mathematicians
The Greek Arena
The First Proofs
Pythagoras
The Platonic Academy
Zeno&#;s Tortoise
Plato&#;s Academy
Aristotle
The Alexandrian School
Euclid&#;s Elements
Archimedes
Other Mathematicians
Conclusion
3 The Chinese Middle Ages
Prologue
The Pre-Qin Era
Zhoubi Suanjing
Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
From Circle Divisions to the Method of Four Unknowns
Liu Hui&#;s π Algorithm
The Sun Zi-Qin Jiushao Theorem
Other Mathematicians
Conclusion
4 India and Arabia
From the Indus River to the Ganges
The Indo-European Past
The Shulba Sutras and Buddhism
The Number Zero and Hindu Numerals
From North India to South India
Aryabhata
Brahmagupta
Mahāvīra
Bhāskara II
Sacred Land
The Arabian Empire
The House of Wisdom in Baghdad
The Algebra of al-Khwarizmi
The Scholars of Persia
Omar Khayyam
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Conclusion
5 From the Renaissance to the Birth of Calculus
The Renaissance in Europe
Medieval Europe
Fibonacci&#;s Rabbits
Alberti&#;s Perspective Method
Da Vinci and Dürer
The Invention of Calculus
The Awakening of New Mathematics
Analytic Geometry
The Pioneers of Calculus
Newton and Leibniz
Conclusion
6 The Age of Analysis and the French Revolution
The Age of Analysis
The King of the Amateurs
The Further Development of Calculus
The Influence of Calculus
The Bernoulli Family
The French Revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Lofty Pyramid
The French Newton
The Emperor Biography
Youth and education